What causes Efflorescence?

A combination of three factors cause efflorescence:

  1. Soluble salts present in cementitious mortars, i.e., leveling mortars, adhesive bed and tile grouts.


  2. Water


  3. Water path (passage for water to travel).


Typical site conditions that can trigger efflorescence:

  • Excessive damp and humid environments (water feature, swimming pool)
  • Use of excessive water and methods in wiping off surplus grout when cleaning tile joints
  • Outdoor areas that are exposed to rain and potential water elements and are not protected
  • Prolonged delay in drying out after complete tile installation
  • Joints are too narrow and difficult to properly fill it with grout mortar


Efflorescence in narrow joints

Preventive measures

To totally eliminate efflorescence in the tiling system, tile/stone installations should be free of cementitious mortars.  However, it is not always possible as cement-based products are normally needed for levelling beds (i.e. renders and screeds).  

Hence, it would be better to eliminate any one of the above three conditions to prevent efflorescence.  Let’s take a look at the preventive measures:

  • For external flooring applications, it is important to ensure that the tile joints are filled as soon as possible during works in progress. Otherwise, provide “shelter” to protect the “open” joints from rain and water after the tiles have been laid.
  • Incorporate a waterproofing barrier (e.g. flexible cementitious waterproofing mortar) over the entire levelling beds before laying tile with tile adhesive.
  • Use epoxy or polyurethane-based adhesives to install tile/stone. If it is not possible, an alternative is to use fast-setting cementitious adhesives. Mapei’s Granirapid and Elastorapid cement-based adhesives contain lower content of Portland-cement in its formulation.
  • Allowing the substrate to cure completely and dry out before proceeding with tile installation.
  • Incorporate a wider joint gap between tiles so that joints can be properly grouted to sufficient depth (check out our video guide on installing tile grout).

When efflorescence have already occurred, it would require repeated washing until the calcium salt is depleted.

Contact Mapei Singapore for your project needs.

 

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About Mapei:

Founded in Milan since 1937, Mapei is today a world leading building material supplier of adhesives and complementary products for the laying of all types of floor, wall and coating materials.  Mapei’s specialty lies in products for ceramics and stone materials, among other product lines.  Mapei’s adhesives for tiles and stones are certified according to international standards and are SGBC certified. Experience proven by numerous notable projects worldwide.

 

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Here are a few pointers on how to prevent efflorescence during installation. Learn the factors that trigger efflorescence and how to eliminate it.

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